Unfortunately, a day trip from Estepona to Cordoba is impossible unless you have a car. If you want to do Cordoba in a day (and really, it doesn't need a lot more time), see this Cordoba Day Trip from Estepona
How to get from Estepona to Cordoba by Bus
There is just one bus from Estepona to Cordoba and back each day, the timing of which makes a good day trip impossible.You can book most buses in Spain from Movelia.es

